Due to the high cost of drinking water and the fact that water is not always available, more and more industries and municipalities use treated surface water. Normally the surface water needs to be treated before it has the required water quality. Surface water typically contains a high suspended solids content, bacteria, algae, organic matter, creating bad taste and odour. In some areas, like river estuaries, surface water can be brackish, reaching up to 8000 mg/L of salts. Two processes are commonly used to treat surface water: - Conventional treatment including clarification (coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation or dissolved air flotation), sand filtration, activated carbon adsorption and disinfection. - Advanced treatment based on ultrafiltration technology.
